The Baculum and the Baubellum
Click For Content Warnings
Cursing, genitalia, brief mention of non-consensual sexual behavior in animals
Images From the Episode
References
Jakovlić, I. (2021). The missing human baculum: a victim of conspecific aggression and budding self‐awareness?. Mammal Review, 51(3), 454-464.
Gilbert, S. F., & Zevit, Z. (2001). Congenital human baculum deficiency: The generative bone of Genesis 2: 21–23. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 101(3), 284-285.
Brindle, M., & Opie, C. (2016). Postcopulatory sexual selection influences baculum evolution in primates and carnivores. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1844), 20161736.
Dixson, A. F. (1998). Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings. Oxford University Press, USA.
Hobday AJ (2000) Where is the human baculum? The Mankind Quarterly 41: 43–58
Martin RD (2007) The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 50: 59–84.
https://www.nature.com/articles/293055a0
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2390011.pdf?casa_token=ywQTn49nYnwAAAAA:qT_CQlov41iUBUg3HttDwH5pznTg8tbeZgsx3_FzXdZF_8a27j9h5-NrcfAwntZlBVTRIOvMasYmATKhfHcb6F6QlQOHJeKuMTUB5svfl_k4xkTVlGw
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajp.1350130107?casa_token=VYYnkmIr6F4AAAAA:oW9kgui8gxWARO5ssIeJCdeivsbu9HmrkE1bYOaCTP3fC1fcoJfL4OacxDbKlq6r6HWyHukfjSq5gw
https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x?casa_token=cdiEsW7UZLQAAAAA%3AKdq5yCRPR-i0GxvqBPwj2gLCWQMjEFE2yqRtlyeRQFHUt1Jrf17Qz4GJjE6YbYaA80nFZ87SV92GAw
https://www.science.org/content/article/why-humans-lost-their-penis-bone
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90787-2.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alistair-Hobday/publication/236946333_Where_is_the_Human_Baculum/links/00b4951ccce9958db7000000/Where-is-the-Human-Baculum.pdf
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-humans-have-no-penis-bone/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mam.12237?casa_token=l7Br1cwNshIAAAAA%3A1z8LoUo8WBBHudhG2qDCIe3rkHLtHa0MZU8WpD9UrVnYyozh2c7lsrhwvr8oaJaQZyqCj86cvfm6Gg
https://theconversation.com/why-did-humans-evolve-big-penises-but-small-testicles-71652
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(12)01308-5.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513803000163#FIG1
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-cradle-of-humanity-9780198704522?cc=gb&lang=en&
VON, K. (1979). DAS SKELETT EINES PANTOLESTIDEN AUS MESSEL BEI DARMSTADT.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/jun/04/ida-fossil-grube-messel-germany
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-humans-have-no-penis-bone/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/03/29/don-young-no-stranger-to-scandal/
https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/oosik
Hartstone-Rose, Adam, et al. "The bacula of Rancho La Brea." Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 42 (2015): 53-63.
Lough‐Stevens, Michael, Nicholas G. Schultz, and Matthew D. Dean. "The baubellum is more developmentally and evolutionarily labile than the baculum." Ecology and evolution 8.2 (2018): 1073-1083
Glucksmann, A., Ooka-Souda, S., Miura-Yasugi, E., & Mizuno, T. (1976). The effect of neonatal treatment of male mice with antiandrogens and of females with androgens on the development of the os penis and os clitoridis. Journal of anatomy, 121(Pt 2), 363.
Smeak, Daniel D., and Hannah Turner. "Treatment of clitoral hypertrophy containing an os clitoris and urethra in a young greyhound dog: a detailed surgical description." The Canadian Veterinary Journal 55.9 (2014): 836.
Carosi, Monica, Massimiliano Scalici, and Gary S. Linn. "Baubellum (Os Clitoridis)." Fuentes A. The International Encyclopedia of Primatology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc 10 (2017): 9781119179313.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4069199/
Varajão de Latorre, D. (2023). Fossil bacula of five species of Borophaginae (Family: Canidae): Implications for their reproductive biology. PloS one, 18(1), e0280327.
Brassey, C. A., Behnsen, J., & Gardiner, J. D. (2020). Postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1936), 20201883.
Herrera, N. D., Bell, K. C., Callahan, C. M., Nordquist, E., Sarver, B. A., Sullivan, J., ... & Good, J. M. (2022). Genomic resolution of cryptic species diversity in chipmunks. Evolution, 76(9), 2004-2019.
Abella, Juan, et al. "On the socio-sexual behaviour of the extinct ursid Indarctos arctoides: an approach based on its baculum size and morphology." PLoS One 8.9 (2013): e73711.